Later expeditions, 2012–2018 › Krakow Mundek

AHEYM-2016-003 · Elbinger, Emanuel "Mundek"

Kraków (Kroke in the project's index) 2016-05-24 30 min · 5 stretches · 3 questions about words Yiddish 99%

Not online: the recording is held by the project and is not on Media Collections Online, YouTube or archive.org. Everything below is a paraphrase of a machine transcript, the weaker of this site's two transcript layers — see how it was made.

Summary

Recording of Emanuel "Mundek" Elbinger in Krakow, 2016-05-24, a middle file of a longer session. He gives his name and birth in Krakow, then recalls Polish school and cheder before the war. He goes on to the German entry in 1939, the antisemitic propaganda, the Krakow ghetto and his family's hiding in a village, and the killing of Jews near Brzesko (?).

Stretches

00:00–04:00

Elbinger's mother travelled to relatives in Krakow, where his sisters and then he were born. He confirms his name, Emanuel, and says he was called Mundek, a form closer to Polish. He says he is the last Jew born in Krakow who speaks Yiddish, was sent to cheder at six, and then went to Polish school at seven. He recalls that Polish children refused to sit with Jewish ones, and that a Polish friend sat with him. Kerler asks for his consent to archive the interview and he agrees.

04:00–10:45

Elbinger recalls a teacher beating a Jewish pupil in first class, and the outbreak of war in 1939 (as he gives it). After that Jewish children were barred from school, and the teacher apologised to the parents. He describes the Germans arriving in the small town (Brzesk-like) near Krakow, the Polish police being disarmed, and the Germans cutting off Jewish men's beards on the market square and demanding payment. Polish children and soldiers intervened. He also recalls gas-mask preparations and Germans threatening to settle accounts with Jews.

before the warduring the war World War II (general)AntisemitismSchoolingLocal Jewish historyJewish–non-Jewish relations · Krakow, Brzesk (?), Trashovitse (?)

10:22–15:54

Elbinger comments on the Vistula and on Poland's earlier partition. He describes German propaganda posters against Jews, including a rat-and-meat-machine image, dirty water poured into milk, and dough kneaded with feet. He recites the Polish rhyme that went with them, and Kerler asks what the leaflet showed. He then speaks of the family shop and rented house on the market with a photographer's studio, and shows photographs of his sisters, one named Lea (?).

15:27–21:06

Elbinger says Krakow had about sixty-five thousand Jews before the war and that the ghetto was meant for fifteen thousand, so many people moved to small towns, where Jewish bakers made cakes. He mentions a surviving ghetto wall marker in Krakow. He talks about how news was announced in the town and about illiteracy among non-Jews. He recalls his mother's French and her Antwerp family. His mother distributed the shop's goods among regular customers.

20:45–30:14

Elbinger describes how he and his father hid in a village (Migas, as heard), with his mother and sisters elsewhere, while a priest was an antisemite and a successor priest was friendlier. He recounts the order for all Jews to report, the Baudienst youth (Polish: Junacy), and the German death penalty for helping Jews. His blind grandmother was shot and his youngest sister Lea was in danger. He describes a pit near Harshnitsa (?) where Jews were shot, a shochet who stabbed a German, and the monument there with his youngest sister among the victims.

Questions about words

  • 00:29
    Your name Emanuel and the family name once more? — full name
  • 00:40
    Were you also called Emanuel in Yiddish? — Yiddish name used
  • 25:19
    What is "baldis" in Polish? — Polish equivalent of a German term