Etia Kalmanovna Shvartzbroit

Shvartzbroit recalls her escape from the camp. She describes seeing figures in white whom she took for angels. An elderly Jew then hid the escapees in a stable with horses, and she tells of walking on toward Ozarintsy. Kerler then turns to the Yiddish school and campaigns against Yiddish.

Also includes Kerler's question about the Yiddish school and campaigns against Yiddish.

Shvartzbroit speaks about Yiddish schooling being closed and the reopening of synagogues after the war. She recalls Hasidim and Simchat Torah in Mohyliv. She tells a story of a wise rebbe who advised how to save Jews from a planned killing by buying horses, and she mentions a tzaddik to whom people went, with lights, to pray for a child. The details of the stories are garbled.

Beyond early childhood and religious life, includes the rebbe story, the tzaddik and the Shalom Aleichem reference.

Answering Kerler's question about folk cures, Shvartzbroit describes the way an evil eye was spoken away. She says that her mother had no child for thirteen years and "sold" her to a poor widow with children so that she would grow up healthy. Kerler asks about the nickname that came from this and about the rivers and the bathing she was taken through.

Adds the evil-eye spell and the question about the nickname.

Shvartzbroit talks about her work after the war. She was a foreman in a tailoring (?) workshop and then ran a matzah factory in Mohyliv, where many people worked in shifts. Her husband Yankl worked as a baker at a factory.

Adds her husband's name and work.

Shvartzbroit and Kerler talk about her late husband, who died eight years earlier, and about Kerler's own family. She also talks at length about children, grandchildren and what parents can expect in old age. She mentions relatives in Brazil. Much of the passage is garbled.

Shvartzbroit talks about relatives abroad and about her son's career and finances. She describes losing savings in the 1946 currency reform and her earlier trade in salt. She says a Jewish girl should marry a Jew. A second voice chimes in about luck and a spouse. At the end Kerler asks her about her childhood in her parents' home.

Adds the lost savings and the opinion on marrying a Jew.

Asked by Kerler for memories, Shvartzbroit speaks about a rabbi's family and a soldier in Mohyliv. She tells how she came to Luts'k after her daughter left for Germany, and she recounts a story about money and a flat that she lost through a dishonest woman. Kerler then asks her to tell again about the war years. The passage is largely garbled.

Adds the move to Luts'k and the flat story.

Shvartzbroit gives a detailed account of the Pechera camp. She tells of being sent out with Ukrainian Jews while Bessarabian Jews bought their way out with money, of the transport in wagons, of the dead and living in the camp and of how she was helped to leave. She then tells of her flight via Sharhorod, Murakhtu (?) and Ozarintsy to Mohyliv, where relatives took her in. Kerler's questions clarify the details.

Includes the escape route, the rescuer and help from relatives.

Shvartzbroit speaks about her grandfather, who was a cantor and a Hasid, and about few Lithuanian Jews in the town and their way of speaking Yiddish. They discuss which Yiddish is nicer. Kerler tells of his parents' origins in Volhynia and Podolia, and the two compare the years of their lives, his emigration, and a friend she supported in the war.

Adds the talk about Lithuanian Yiddish and Kerler's own background.

The interview winds down in conversation. Shvartzbroit and Kerler talk about his family in Israel and her son abroad and his children. They exchange addresses and telephone numbers and discuss contacting her son and relatives.

Shvartzbroit and Kerler discuss how to call a telephone number abroad, from America or Israel. The passage ends with a Russian-language line that appears to be a number.

Kerler phones an acquaintance (addressed as Reb Khayim) to ask whether he remembers other possible Yiddish speakers in Luts'k or the surrounding area. He thanks him, says he hopes to return to Luts'k the next year and says goodbye. Shvartzbroit asks about Ester (?) and her address.

Adds the phone call and Kerler's request for other speakers.

Shvartzbroit speaks about her past catering. She cooked and baked for celebrations and weddings. She offers Kerler her recipe and her son's address, and says that her son speaks Yiddish and sings songs on a cassette. Kerler repeatedly asks her to give the recipe for gefilte fish.

Adds the talk about cooking for weddings and her son's Yiddish songs.

Shvartzbroit explains how she makes a layered noodle-and-meat dish and then how to prepare gefilte fish: choice of carp, proportions of eggs, onions and water, baking in a pot and cooking for hours. Kerler asks about sweetness and about matzah-meal cutlets. The tape ends with thanks, blessings for a safe journey and talk of Kerler's next visit.

Covers a noodle-and-meat dish, matzah-meal cutlets and the farewell blessings besides the fish.

Kerler asks Khiterman about Jewish life in her town and what a 'good Jew' (a holy man or rebbe) meant. She answers that such men helped many poor people and that food was sent for Sabbath. A Russian exchange with a relative, probably her son, follows about whether she and others still speak Yiddish and about the language of the film. She says she once spoke Hebrew and had a teacher, but cannot remember his name.

Khiterman talks about the rabbi, the priest and a Hasidic rebbe and his wife in her town, and Kerler asks for terms such as 'pious Jew' and a pejorative for a Hasid. She mentions Jewish records she had at home and how she fled from the Germans leaving everything behind. Kerler asks how a Russian sentence about running away from the Germans is said in Yiddish. She then recalls the Germans of the First World War from her childhood.

adds the Yiddish dialectology questions and the flight from the Germans

Khiterman recalls a German who lived near the family before the war. She then tells how she spent the war in evacuation: Samarkand, Katta-Kurgan, and later the Urals (Molotov), where she worked in construction and then in an office or factory. Her husband died there. Kerler asks about antisemitism on the return home.

Khiterman says there was no antisemitism after the war. Kerler asks about Zionists in Berezhov (Berezov?), which she does not remember. She recounts being arrested in the early 1950s (?) and taken to Kyiv, apparently over a mix-up with a woman connected to a committee. She says her small child died in evacuation at Katta-Kurgan at the age of two and was named after her mother. Her relative, mostly in Russian, describes her poor health and how isolated she is.

adds her arrest and the child who died in evacuation

Khiterman says she had a Jewish wedding at home with a canopy, officiated by the rabbi of Berezhov (Berezov?), with many Jewish guests, music and singing. Kerler asks about the town, which had many Jews who were later killed. Her father was a forest overseer. Kerler then thanks her and winds down the interview.

The transcript begins at about 21:06. Shvartzbroit mentions having run a factory and relatives in America and Brazil. She says she made a film for America and that everyone from Mohyliv in Podolia was killed in the Pechera camp while she alone survived and told it all. Kerler proposes a longer interview and asks whether anyone born in Luts'k who speaks Yiddish could be found. A Russian-speaking woman starts telephoning a prospective interviewee. The speaker labels are muddled throughout.

A Russian-speaking woman telephones Evgenia Abramovna, a possible interviewee. Kerler introduces himself in Yiddish as a researcher of Yiddish from America. The woman is asked where she was born and gives a Volhynian village or town (Saprievka?) that was in Poland before the war. A callback is arranged. Shvartzbroit then starts to speak about her time in the camp, when Kerler turns to her.

adds the phone call to another prospective interviewee

Kerler formally begins the interview with Shvartzbroit. She gives her name as Etele Shnayder, now Shvartzbroit, patronymic Kalmanovna, and says her grandfather was a rabbi. They note her Yiddish is that of Mohyliv-Podilskyi. She names a man, Avraham Finkelshteyn (?), connected with her family or her coming to the interview. Kerler states the date as 8 May 2003.

adds her grandfather the rabbi and the Mohyliv-Podilskyi dialect

Shvartzbroit gives her name and patronymic for Kerler to write, with the Russian spelling of Kalmanovna. Her father and a son were both called Kalmen. She mentions her address, postal index and telephone.

Shvartzbroit speaks about her grandfather the rabbi, kosher Passover dishes kept in the attic, and her giving money to the poor for Passover. She mentions her husband's trade and travel to Romania and Moldova. She says her father arranged weddings for poor orphans in their home. She gives her birth year as 1928, though her papers say 1930, and says she came from Pechora aged about fourteen. Much of the passage is garbled and the sequence is unclear.

adds Passover customs, her husband's work and the dating of her birth

Shvartzbroit describes her family's life before the war: her father's sewing workshop with two non-Jewish servants, and her mother's weekly Sabbath help for old people whose wealthy relatives had been deported to Siberia by the Soviets. She also recalls taking in homeless people and giving her house for poor couples' weddings, and she mentions grandchildren in Germany and America.

Shvartzbroit names her father Kalmen and her paternal grandfather (Tsalik), and says her grandfather the rabbi played the violin. Her grandmother Etl kept a shop, and she herself is named after her. Another grandfather was a ritual slaughterer, and the family numbered about four hundred. Her father had a sewing workshop for fine garments. Kerler asks about a women's Sabbath headdress (shterntikhl), which she does not recognise, and she describes the Sabbath headscarf and the sealing of the cholent oven with clay.

adds the grandparents' names and trades and the headdress question

Shvartzbroit describes Sabbath cooking at home, including cholent, beans and fish kept in the cellar. She also describes Passover practice: separate kosher dishes, silver and clay pots kept in the attic, the first seder with candles, and the removal of all bread from the house.

Shvartzbroit says her mother worked with her father in the sewing workshop, which sent goods to Moscow and Leningrad until the late 1920s and 1930s. Her mother did not teach her to bless, lit Friday candles and worked on non-Jewish holidays. She lists the Jewish holidays and retells the story of Esther and Mordecai, offering Kerler a booklet. She says she had one sister and that both parents' fates and her sister's killing in Pechora are told here. She describes her father's death from an illness.

adds the Purim story, the list of holidays and her sister's death

Shvartzbroit names her sister Rivke and describes the deportation to the camp in cattle wagons, the Romanians and then the Germans, and the gold teeth pulled from prisoners. She tells of a Bessarabian Jew killed by a policeman, of Tulchin Jews like skeletons and of her mother. Her escape is told in detail: she walked about two hundred kilometres on foot as a child, hid in the forest and was helped by a non-Jewish woman, and some of it is hard to follow. She reflects that Jews are only guests in this world, and mentions a son in Israel and a daughter in Germany with two grandchildren, promising photographs.

adds her sister's name, the escape and her children abroad

Kerler and Shvartzbroit clarify who the visitors are, a professor of Jewish history and a Yiddish professor. She tells a religious parable about a rich man who wanted paradise and about Solomon asking for wisdom. She says she attended Jewish school no. 3 for four grades and that all subjects were taught in Yiddish. She names the director (Terk? the transcript is unclear), says she now reads Russian but can only sign her name in Yiddish, and says she has forgotten the old songs.

adds the parable she tells

Shvartzbroit says an aunt knew Yiddish songs. Her son made a Yiddish concert and a Yiddish film. A composer friend is named (Gershenzon?), and a cassette is now with her daughter in Germany. She talks about a son named after her father who died at about fifty, apparently killed by a non-Jew, and who gave generously to the poor. She also mentions saving a family in a later period and her sense of obligation to her children.